What is human metapneumovirus (HMPV)?
Human metapneumovirus (HMPV) is a respiratory virus that causes upper and lower respiratory infections, such as the common cold. It is a seasonal virus, commonly seen in winter and early spring, similar to respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) and influenza. First identified in 2001, evidence suggests it has been circulating since at least 1958.
Recognizing the Symptoms of HMPV
Symptoms of HMPV often resemble those of other respiratory infections, such as COVID-19, the flu, or RSV. Common signs include:
- Cough
- Fever
- Nasal congestion
- Shortness of breath
- Sore throat
In severe cases, especially in young children, the elderly, or those with weakened immune systems, the infection can lead to bronchiolitis or pneumonia.
Is HMPV similar to COVID-19?
HMPV and COVID-19 share several characteristics:
Both affect individuals of all ages, with young children, the elderly, and people with weakened immune systems being most vulnerable.
Both viruses are spread through respiratory secretions, close contact and contaminated surfaces.
HMPV and COVID-19 exhibit seasonal trends, peaking in colder months.
Is there a vaccine against HMPV?
Currently, no vaccine or antiviral treatment is available against HMPV. Preventive measures include frequent hand washing, avoiding close contact with sick people, and practicing respiratory hygiene.
When to consider testing
Experts recommend seeing a doctor if symptoms persist, worsen, or involve difficulty breathing. Testing is crucial for people at high risk, including young children, the elderly, or those with pre-existing health conditions.
How is HMPV diagnosed?
Diagnosing HMPV requires laboratory testing because symptoms alone cannot distinguish it from other respiratory illnesses. The gold standard for HMPV testing is the polymerase chain reaction (PCR).
Polymerase chain reaction (PCR): PCR tests detect the virus’s genetic material in respiratory samples, such as nasal or throat swabs. This method is very sensitive and specific, making it the most reliable diagnostic tool for HMPV.
Antigen tests: Rapid antigen tests can also be used, although they are less sensitive than PCR. These tests detect viral proteins but may miss mild or early infections.
Viral culture: In some cases, healthcare providers may use viral culture methods, in which a respiratory sample is grown in the laboratory to identify the virus. This approach is less common due to the time required to achieve results.
Steps to take if you test positive
If HMPV is diagnosed, the primary treatment is supportive care, as there is no specific antiviral treatment available. Patients must:
- Get rest and stay hydrated.
- Use over-the-counter medications to relieve symptoms like fever and congestion.
- Avoid close contact with others to prevent the spread of the virus.
Preventing HMPV infection
Even without a vaccine, individuals can reduce the risk of infection by practicing good hygiene:
- Wash your hands frequently with soap and water.
- Avoid touching face with unwashed hands.
- Keep your distance from sick people.
- Cover your mouth and nose when you cough or sneeze.
HMPV testing plays a vital role in identifying the virus, especially during outbreaks. PCR testing remains the most reliable diagnostic tool, while symptom management and prevention is key to controlling its spread. If you think you may have HMPV, consult a healthcare professional for proper diagnosis and advice.
